English as a Global Language

In Shakespeares time, the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million. According to linguist David Crystal, Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2003). Its a common language used in international business, which makes it a popular second language for many. How Many Languages Are There? There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today. About 2,000 of them have fewer than 1,000 speakers. While the British empire did help spread the language globally its only the third most commonly spoken language in the world. Mandarin and Spanish are the two most commonly spoken languages on Earth.   From How Many Other Languages Has English Borrowed Words? English is jokingly referred to as a language thief because of it has incorporated words from over 350 other languages into it. The majority of these borrowed words are latin or from one of the Romance languages. How Many People in the World Today Speak English? Roughly 500 million people in the world are native English speakers. Another 510 million people speak English as a second language, which means that there are more people who speak English along with their native language than there are native English speakers. In How Many Countries Is English Taught as a Foreign Language? English is taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries. Its considered the language of business which makes it a popular choice for a second language. English language teachers are often paid very well in countries like China and Dubai. What Is the Most Widely Used English Word? The form OK or okay is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language. Its many would-be etymologists have traced it variously to Cockney, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Norwegian, Scots, several African languages, and the Native American language Choctaw, as well as a number of personal names. All are imaginative feats without documentary support. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002) How Many Countries in the World Have English as Their First Language? This is a complicated question, as the definition of first language differs from place to place, according to each country’s history and local circumstances. The following facts illustrate the complexities: Australia, Botswana, the Commonwealth Caribbean nations, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Ireland, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have English as either a de facto or statutory official language. In Cameroon and Canada, English shares this status with French; and in the Nigerian states, English and the main local language are official. In Fiji, English is the official language with Fijian; in Lesotho with Sesotho; in Pakistan with Urdu; in the Philippines with Filipino; and in Swaziland with Siswati. In India, English is an associate official language (after Hindi), and in Singapore English is one of four statutory official languages. In South Africa, English [is] the main national language—but just one of eleven official languages. In all, English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people). It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence. (Penny Silva, Global English. AskOxford.com, 2009)

Romeo and Juliets Love - 1469 Words

Romeo and Juliet’s love was doomed from the start. Juliet’s lust for power ( Thats a very interesting idea. I only thought she had the boy-girl kind of lust. ) was destined to destroy her relations with Romeo. Capulet forces (betroths) Juliet to marry Count Paris, a man she does not love. When she refuses to marry him, Capulet threatens his daughter and says, â€Å"†¦get thee to church o Thursday, or never after look me in the face†. This causes Juliet to take her own actions against his (her?) father’s will. She does not want to marry Paris and so she begins to manipulate those close to her in order to get what she wants. To Friar Lawrence she says to him, â€Å"I long to die if what thous speakest speak not of remedy†. However by doing so she†¦show more content†¦But it is a nice thought. Type of Work .......Romeo and Juliet is a stage play in the form of a tragedy in which teenagers from feuding families fall in love and marry against the wishes of their parents. Key Dates Date Written: Between 1593 and 1596. First Printing: Corrupt, pirated, unauthorized text, 1597; authorized text (corrected by publisher Thomas Creede), 1588-1599; authoritative text, 1623 as part of the First Folio. Sources .......The main source for the plot of the play was The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet (1562), by Arthur Brooke. Brookes work, a long narrative poem, was based on a French version (1559) of the tragedy by Pierre Boiastuau, who based his story on a 1554 Italian work by Matteo Bandello (1485-1561), a monk and author of 214 tales. Sources for certain plot devices or plot content probably included Il Novellino (1476), by Masuccio of Salerno; Hystoria Nouellamente Ritrouata di Due Nobili Amanti (1530), by Luigi da Porto; and the ancient mythological tale of Pyramis and Thisbe.. Settings . .......When the play opens, it is nearing mid-morning on a Sunday in July. The main setting is Verona, a city in the Veneto region of northern Italy. The city is about 65 miles west of Venice. The ruler of Verona at the time of the legendary Montague-Capulet feud was Bartolomeo della Scalla, who died in 1304. (In Italian the Scalla name is Scaligeri; in Latin, it is Scaligerus). Part of the action in the play takes placeShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliets Love Is Doomed by the World Around and Its Own Intensity929 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet’s love is doomed by the world around it and by its own intensity. Shakespeare, in one of his earliest plays, ‘Romeo and Juliet,’ written around 1600, explores a number of themes, including love, hate, fate and generation gap. Very early in the play he suggests that the love between the title characters is doomed. He no doubt blames the world around them especially the older generation for such a tragedy. However, he also implies that fate and the intensity of the love between theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 PagesLove is like a flame, it provides you with warmth, but too much of it can also burn you. Such is the plot of the play, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy about two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, who unfortunately, belong to families who bear an ancient grudge against each other. In the play, Romeo and Juliet fall in love and quickly decide to marry each other. At the end, Romeo and Juliet’s decisions cause their untimely death, but in reality, there were other peopl e who also contributedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1708 Words   |  7 Pagesfuture. These contradictory beliefs can be seen in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, as two lovers make ill-considered decisions that lead to their deaths, yet the force of fate largely assists to their mishaps as well. This uncontrollable force of fate brought hardships to Romeo and Juliet, therefore causing them to be â€Å"star-cross’d lovers,† or lovers destined to misfortune simply due to fate. While Romeo and Juliet’s poor decision-making contributed to the prevention of the twoRead MoreRomeo Juliet: a Superficial Love1000 Words   |  4 Pages1D7-05 C. Bucci May 23, 2008 Romeo Juliet: Superficial Love There are infinite ways to define love. Love has become such an ambiguous and vague term, though it is one of the most recognizable of human emotions. It has existed as far back as humans remember and love has been a source of interest and inspiration in the Arts, Religion, Sciences, and most popularly, in Literature. The most memorable and popular work of love is William Shakespeare’s tragic Romeo Juliet. What is so remarkableRead MoreEssay on Juliets State of Mind in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet832 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of Act III, Juliet’s state of mind transforms from naà ¯ve and innocent to impulsive and independent due to the aspects of loyalty, love and maturity. Although conflicts begin to unfold, Juliet, despite the loss of her cousin Tybalt, remains faithful and honest to her newly wedded husband, Romeo. Juliet lived in a rather obedient lifestyle, as she was growing up – obeying her parent’s orders and everybody’s expectations, but as her affections towards Romeo continues to flourish, so doesRead MoreEssay on Juliets State of Mind in Shakespeare ´s Romeo and Juliet842 Words   |  4 Pages Juliet’s love and loyalty towards Romeo, and her developing character do not only play an important role in motivating her in speaking the lines that she does, but also in motivating her actions. Despite all the current events that have occurred; events that have affected her state of mind, Juliet decides to remain true and faithful to Romeo. Juliet’s state of mind at this point in the play definitely revolves around this idea of light vs. dark – her fears and hopes. After hearingRead MoreTheme Of Light And Dark In Romeo And Juliet973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is one of the greatest love stories ever told. This is evident in today’s society, with the story being retold again and again in theatre productions, books, and movie spinoffs. The story is of two lovers, whose love was doomed from the start due to their disputing families, the Capulets and Montagues, who would never see a marriage between the two. Romeo and Juliet eventually take their own lives, ceasing their families’ fighting. William Shakespeare, the playwrightRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1595 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilial love as harmful and, as a result, 1950’s parenting guides, mother’s associations and medical experts rang with warnings against showing affectio n toward children, they stated that doing so spread disease and caused mental health issues. Government-issued brochures advised mothers and fathers to â€Å"never kiss a baby† and to not â€Å"rock or play with children†. The director of the American Psychological Association warned â€Å"when you are tempted to pet your child, remember that mother love is a dangerousRead MoreRepresentation of Love in Romeo and Juliet915 Words   |  4 PagesThis world-renowned tragedy is centered on the love between the characters Romeo and Juliet, as the lines above bring out. Although these two teenagers love is the focus of the story, many other views of love are expressed and presented by various characters. Three of these many views include Romeos love for Rosaline, the Friar Lawrences view of love, and most significantly, Romeo and Juliets love for one another. Two households, both alike in dignity... From forth the fatal loins of theseRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis890 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare is by far one of the most profound romantic plays known to the world. Shakespeare has written many famous poets; plays having Romeo and Juliet his most famous and known pieces of literary art. William Shakespeare is a master in literary entertainment but an unknown man in history, but yet the most known English poet, actor, playwright and regarded as the greatest English writer in the worlds history. Each of Shakespeare’s works has a theme

Iproject Free Essays

MBA 504 – Managerial Economics (W. Troost) * Case study about the iPad Mini by Justin Sellers Kimberly Gadsden Krista Pauly Marjorie Venus Baliog Paulus Mirtschink Rob Hicks I have read the Student Academic Code of Conduct and this Assignment complies with the Code. 8th November 2012 * Table of Contents Table of Contents2 List of Figures3 1INTRODUCTION4 2FIRM, BRAND, LIFESTYLE4 3IINDUSTRY5 4COST8 5CONCLUSION9 APPENDICES11 A. We will write a custom essay sample on Iproject or any similar topic only for you Order Now Price Comparison of Generic Android Tablets12 B. Price Comparison of Premium Brand Tablets2 BIBLIOGRAPHY3 * List of Figures Figure 1: Monopolistical pricing10 Figure 2: Technology life cycle11 Figure 3: VMP and MC in the US compared with China12 * INTRODUCTION Apple has clearly established itself as a market leader in the competitive market of consumer electronic products. Recently, the company released a smaller sized version of its highly successful tablet: the iPad. The launch has come under widespread criticism as many industry pundits believe the pricing strategy may be incorrect and there are fears that the new product will cannibalize sales of other merchandise. Even the late Steve Jobs was strong in his view that Apple would never offer a smaller tablet product to the market as he felt it would provide less benefit to consumers. To properly assess whether or not Apple did in fact make the correct decision, the rationale behind the decision must be analyzed. As part of the analysis: the market structure, cost factors, competitive position, nature of product demand, and strategic vision will be scrutinized. FIRM, BRAND, LIFESTYLE Under the direction of one of the most visionary CEOs of the modern era, Steve Jobs, Apple was able to completely revolutionize the way that consumer electronics are perceived, purchased, and manufactured. It started with a completely different concept of consumer preferences and has ultimately ended with the most valuable company in the world. Apple has a long history within the computer industry with a focus on building units for sale to the consumer marketplace. After success during the early 1980s with the launch of the Macintosh line of computers, the company failed to gain significant market share until the launch of the iMac in 1998. From the late 1990s Apple began a prolific campaign of acquiring other companies with specific technological expertise, which it began combining in both software and hardware components included in its subsequent line of products. Apple released the first of many important revolutionary products, the iPod, in 2001. The iPod became the ‘quantum leap’ the company had long been striving for and allowed the branding of Apple as a company with the Apple logo to become an industry heavyweight. The advertising that Apple used helped to produce an emotional response that resonated with consumers. Being seen with the iconic â€Å"white headphones† became as much about fashion and image as it was about the actual enjoyment of listening to mp3s on a personal device. Due to the vertical integration between devices, software and design based on a platform of â€Å"ease of use,† the company began to create immense brand loyalty. â€Å"Once you go Mac, you never go back,† is a phrase used to describe that once someone made the decision to purchase an Apple product (phone, computer, etc. ) the cost of switching becomes high. Apple intuitively created an opportunity cost for not purchasing newer Apple products because of the way their devices communicate with one another. Apple has gained such a significant brand following that demand for their products is much more inelastic than comparable firms. Demand for competitor’s products Demand for Apple products INDUSTRY There are significant numbers of manufacturers of tablet devices, but it can be argued that there are only several key players. The tablet marketplace is very interesting because of the dominant effect that Apple, Samsung, Google, and Amazon have on consumer behaviour. There is a significant split, both from a consumer and producer standpoint, between the ‘premium’ tablet devices and the ‘generic’ devices. In effect, there are two different marketplaces in operation simultaneously. In the generic market it is a competitive market, firms are essentially price takers as what they are offering is a standard tablet with limited features. In the premium market however, there is an oligopolistic situation where the major firms dominate both, market share and brand recognition. Please see Appendix A and B for Price comparisons of generic and premium brand tablets. The pricing strategy for the premium products is therefore very different than for generics. In the premium market, the products are seen as more inelastic based on their brand power, and thus a higher price can be charged in order to generate a higher economic profit. Apple uses the concept of â€Å"Prestige Pricing† for its product line. Prestige pricing happens when a firm charges a higher price for its products in an attempt to be seen as a ‘status’ item. Apple separates itself even from the other premium tablets by charging a price that is actually 2-5 times higher than some of its closest ivals. The reason that Apple has decided to launch at such a high price dates back to their theory of brand image and loyalty. With respect to the technology adoption lifecycle developed by Joe Bohlen et al. , Apple seeks to â€Å"reward† loyal customers by charging a high price so that only technologically conscious innovators and early adopters will have the produc t for a period. It is valuable to the innovators and early adopters to have the newest Apple product ahead of the vast majority of people and price point is a way to discriminate between groups. Once a product has been on the market for a sufficient amount of time, Apple will then drop the price to gain a larger amount of consumers that are willing to pay for the product at the given price. Graph Rob Directly related to the high price point that Apple charge is its monopolistic position within the industry. It is strategically beneficial from a firm standpoint to charge a price that causes the intersection of the marginal cost and marginal revenues when represented graphically. Figure 1: Monopolistical pricing For Apple, they experience higher economic profits when they charge a higher price initially. Only when they are about to release an updated version of the product will they drop the price to gain the additional consumer demand. When considering the product lifecycle, Apple seeks to have a different product in each section of the cycle. Rather than having different versions of the same model, the company simply relies on releasing a newer product, but still offering the old product for a period. When considering their new tablet the strategy will be as follows: 1) New tablet is released: iPad mini 2) After a designated amount of time, (typically 3-5 quarters) a new version will be released. Likely, it will be called the iPad mini S. 3) Following the same release schedule a bigger redesign will occur and the product will come out as the iPad mini 2. Figure 2: Technology life cycle Apple prices the tablet in #1 high in order to experience profits from the innovators and early adopters. By the time the newer version is announced, the company will drop the price in order to gain access to the early majority. When the new product is actually released #2 it will have a premium price point to again gain access to the innovators and early adopters. Product #1 is moving from early majority to late majority as the price drop has opened up a wealth of consumers willing to buy. When product #3 is announced the price of both product #1 and product #2 will be dropped. By this time product #1 will be 2 editions old and is likely to be purchased by the tail end of late majority and laggards. Product #2 will take its place in the early majority and innovators will desire product #3. When considering Apple’s brand loyalty it is also likely that by the time product #3 comes out some people that purchased product #1 will deem that it is time to upgrade. COST Another major consideration in the pricing of Apple’s products is the associated cost of producing them. Each item has a large array of inputs ranging from: hardware, software, development, advertising, testing, management, transport, and legal issues. Apple has sought out areas of the world where it is cheaper to assemble their units because the relationship between manufacturing and transportation costs results in higher profit. Figure 3: VMP and MC in the US compared with China Apple has formed a coalition of manufacturers that it uses to outsource many of the components that it uses within its products. In some cases the firms that manufacture parts for Apple are actually direct competitors within the same market. If you look at the decision to manufacture internally or outsource to another company it is very similar to the trade theories of competitive and comparative advantage. When considering the iPad mini, Apple had to decide whether to make the computing hardware themselves or have someone else make it for them. Apple deemed that they have a competitive advantage in software development and that Samsung and Intel have comparative advantages in production of hardware, thus they made the decision to have the parts made for them. Each iPad that Apple sells generates a large amount of profit for the firm because their total cost is significantly less than the price point at which it is sold. Generally, Apple sells their products for at least 3 times as much as their total cost, resulting in a huge amount of revenue. You guessed it†¦ a graph What the fuck Justin?!? CONCLUSION * APPENDICES Price Comparison of Generic Android Tablets Price Comparison of Premium Brand Tablets * BIBLIOGRAPHY * How to cite Iproject, Papers

Governance in Globalizing World Essay

Question: Write an Essay on Governance in Globalizing World? Answer: Introduction This essay aims to demonstrate the social responsibility, share holder rights and community engagement. In the corporate social responsibility, it works in the ethical way has grown from the zero to the 19 million in last 27 years. There is no doubt that a phenomenal success story occurs with real responsibility they have the responsibility to act with integrity and to help the company test their employees in terms of employee's skills and talents. When it talks about customers privacy and safety, it relates to decrease the carbon footing or to interact with the people about the same in the respective community. It really matters how Vodafone runs its business and every organization depends on its employees to succeed.Vodafone UK, for example, is the part of the Vodafone group and it is one of the largest mobile communications that provides the voice and gives the text and internet services in more than 30 countries and when the partnership was created then it build the better govern ance with 404 million customers. (Attewell, 2005) Secondly, the shareholders of Vodafone has rights to receive the 102 p share with the mobile phone group where the stake is at wireless US group Verizon that costs up to $130 billion. The shareholders rights are guaranteed and it is known from the fact that there occurs detailed payout. This begins with the total of 49.4 bn and there is a framed policy that each of the investor or the shareholder receives 30p in cash that is added with the .026 Verizon communication shares and it is worth that 72 p is at the current price and also that of the exchange rate. At the same time, Vodafone has shares that need to be consolidated with the small number and it is also the share price that proceeds after and before the wireless Verizon. Thirdly, community engagement of the Vodafone is that community means here the various employees who works in the Vodafone are all treated equally. The diversity and the inclusion continue to remain at the top priority that there is recognized the value of the proposition and that there is the varied work force with which the community will start growing at the fast pace. It is always aware that it requires the continue efforts that are to be are put in order to have the effective community engagement at Vodafone company. In the overseas countries like New Zealand, Britain, Australia and such like the company has the staff and it runs with the proper segmentation. With 14.4% of the work force where there are working women, there is also the changing of mindset with respect to the respective culture. The right eco system has arrived in order to have the good community engagement that has experienced with .95% of the people who attended the workshops. Literature review There is a board that has set up in order to look up the affairs and it consists of 13 directors and 12 of whom are known as the best throughout the year. On 4th march, 2013 and in addition to the chairman Gerard, there were having the presence of three executive directors and nine non-executive directors, it runs with the moral and the ethical code with which there is framed the certain kind of the new policies. It runs with the moral and the ethical code through which there new policies could be reframed. Vodafone is one of the biggest telecom sectors and the service provider of UK that has the market value of 75 billion in the year June, 2008. It has currently shared no equity interests in 25 countries and the partner networks. These networks do not create any kind of equity and thus, the stakes are also not present in further 42 countries. The name Vodafone itself has been derived from the voice data fone, that helps to reflect the provisions and relates to the data services and also from the voice from the mobile phones. It has also proposed the agreement for the acquisition of 67% in Hutchison Essar limited and it is approximate US$11.1 billion. At the same time, it is said that the company has sold back 5.6% of Airtel stake back to Mittals. (Anttila, 2006) Corporate governance frameworks The effective corporate governance has always been the integral part of the successful delivery of the business goals similarly as Vodafone. Vodafone operates with the well developed governance that runs with the governance framework designed with high transparency and honesty with an informed approach. It is also mentioned that the clear standards are developed for everyone. The board has been set up and in case of Vodafone; the leader's role has been set up to appoint the right person with the right strategy. They could provide effective assessment and management to handle the business risks carefully. There is a need to develop the strong alignment of the strategies in the company so that the task can be profitable with the accomplishment. (Anastopoulou, 2002) From agency approach Vodafone when is experienced from the agency approach, it looks like the development and training programs where people are offered to achieve their career goals and tasks. The company ensures that they will lead to success in the future. Employees review their performance in the Vodafone with the performance and also the development plans that are through the annual performance design and also it is associated with the dialogues. The development programmers works to achieve something new in the organization and it includes learning, training that arise with the formal training, job experience and mentoring. The agency approach represents the work of employees, so the employees focus on their functional disciplines with regards to social networking. Thus, it also includes human resource and marketing with respect to supply chain and technology. Stake holder approach As per the feedback given to the Vodafone Company, it always consumes huge time to receive the feedbacks from the external stakeholders. The major aim for Vodafone and its stakeholders are to create profits from the process in an organization. When there is no kind of agreement or response, it explains that there is honesty and trust among the two. The stakeholders include the investors, employees and suppliers and there all are directly related to the business and make the affect on the business performance also, the consumers and enterprise customers that are with the small and the big businesses and the organizations are mentioned. There are huge numbers of people who will look at their community network infrastructure and provide their views on it. Non-governmental organizations and others are concerned about the issues / government and the regulators too can be seen in the business through new legislation and regulations. It is said that they tailor their engagement process with the stakeholder group. For example, with the investors, they have a meeting with them about the events and they even look for the conference calls and one on one interaction is held to understand the concerns about sustainability and to mention the identified potential issues. (Andersen, 2004) Three features of corporate governance The three selected features that includes are social responsibility, share holder rights and the community engagement. These features have already been explained in the assignment. The social responsibility deals with the fact that there is a chance to deal with the responsibility where the Vodafone Company will look into the affairs in the right manner and proper sequence. The community management represents how the company will look for the best of the organization where all the employees and stake holders are the part of an organization. Similarly, share holders are given certain rights and with these rights, they enjoy their tasks and fulfill them successfully. (Bryan, 2010) Vodafone has 10% of the world market for the mobile telephony and it achieves safeguarding of the rights of the customers for setting up of proper objectives where the way will be planned for the assurance of meetings. When the customers are first taken as the stakeholders, then, the reputation at large organization will depend on the learning that will develop trust on the customers and they rely on important aspects. The content standards mean that there is the large contest that is made available in the online in the mobile phones and Vodafone has simply introduced the supervisory body. It has also designed the reasonable marketing that makes sure that the communications are always legitimate in order to have the fair dealings in the communication in the Vodafone technology. There are decent, authentic and sensitive views with respect to different groups in the society along with the pricing policies etc. (Alexander, 2010) Ethical challenges When the first company was set up then the first thing that appears as the challenge was that Vodafone UK reveals that parents do not have knowledge of the types of the content that was made viable via mobile phones. As a survey was made of all the adults, then it was believed that there were restrictions with regards to the adult on the mobile phones and it has also assumed that the there is self regulation in terms of operators in the UK. The code was thus framed and it required the operators to reduce fewer than 18s. Thus, the biggest ethical challenge was associated with the same. In the similar way, some of the game that occurred at the phones and he downloaded from it that was also not done properly and mangers were possessed to the challenge, the ethical one. The access of those commercials contents are, being classified as the unsuitable ones. Therefore, with respect to the change with time, the more the ethical challenges have emerged; the various researches have shown its uses. (Adkins, 2008) Conclusion Vodafone is one of the biggest telecom companies in this sector. With the time coming on, it has shown its entire relevancy with the new emerging technology. In the recent times, the various new things have been adopted by the Vodafone where it has shown how fast has been the technology and its uses. In this time, the Vodafone is emerging as the giant in the telecom sector. For example, in UK Vodafone works with the government by making the partnership and also with the police and others industry to combat the mobile phone crime. In this age, it also advises the customers and the community on how to make the protection of the phones and with it, there will be prevention of the fraudulent use. It has also banned the uses of phone at the time of driving. Therefore, the company Vodafone has designed few steps for proper use of the mobile phones all over the world. References Adkins, Sam (2008). The US Market for Mobile Learning Products and Services: 2008-2013 Forecast and Analysis. Ambient Insight Research Report.Alexander, Bryan (2004). Going Nomadic: Mobile Learning in Higher Education. EDUCAUSE Review. Vol. 39, No. 5, September/October 2004.Alexander, Bryan (2010). Using smartphones to track attendance.Liberal Education Tomorrow, June 1.Ally, Mohamed (Ed.) (2009). Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training. Edmonton, Canada: Athabasca University Press. Ally, M., Lin, F., McGreal, R., Woo, B. and Li, Q. (2005). An intelligent agent for adapting and delivering electronic course materials to mobile learners.Proceedings of MLearn 2005 Conference, Capetown, South Africa. Ananthaswamy, Anil (2009). Mobile messaging network counsels Cape Town drug users.New Scientist, Issue 2722, August 22. Anastopoulou, S., C. Barber, et al. (2002). Object Manipulation In Educational Multimodal Systems for Contextual Learning.Proceedings of the European Workshop on Mobile and Contextual Learning, The University of Birmingham, England. Anastopoulou, S., Sharples, M., Ainsworth, S. and Crook, C. (2009). Personal inquiry: linking the cultures of home and school with technology mediated science inquiry. In Pachler, N. and Selpold, J. (Eds.),.Mobile Learning Cultures Across Education, Work and Leisure(pp. 5557). Book of Abstracts, 3rdWLE Mobile Learning Symposium, London, March 27. Andersen, Verner (2004). A mobile first aid training system for training doctors in stabilizing casualties on site. In Attewell, Jill and Savill-Smith, Carol (Eds.),Mobile Learning anytime everywhere: a book of papers from MLEARN 2004(pp. 217220). Anderson, J. and Rainie, L. (2008).The Future of the Internet III.Pew Internet and American Life Project Report. Anttila, A. and Jung, Y. (2006).Discovering design drivers for mobile media solutions. Paper presented at the Computer-Human Interaction Conference (CHI 06), Montreal. Arnedillo-Snchez, I., Sharples, M., and Vavoula, G. (Eds.), (2007).Beyond Mobile Learning Workshop. The CSCL Alpine Rendez-Vous, Kaleidoscope, Mobile Learning SIG. Arnold, Jennifer Taylor (2007) Learning on the Fly: choose the right tools to deliver learning content to employees anytime, anywhere.HR Technology, Sept. Attewell, Jill (2005).Mobile Technologies and Learning: a technology update and m-learning project summary.Report, Learning and Skills Development Agency. Attewell, J., and Webster, T. (2004). Engaging and supporting mobile learners. In Attewell, J., and. Savill-Smith, C. (Eds.),Mobile Learning Anytime Everywhere: A book of papers from MLEARN 2004. London, UK: Learning and Skills Development Agency. Ballard, Barbara (2007).Designing the Mobile User Experience. New York: John Wiley. Bell, G. and Gemmell, J. (2009)Total Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change Everything.New York:Dutton Adult Bellina, L., and Missoni, E. (2009). Mobile cell-phones (M-phones) in telemicroscopy: increasing connectivity of isolated laboratories.Diagnostic Pathology, 4 (19). Bradley, C., Haynes, R., Cook, J., Boyle, T. and Smith, C. (2009). Design and development of multimedia learning objects for mobile phones. In Ally, Mohamed (Ed.),Mobile Learning: Transforming the Delivery of Education and Training(pp. 157182). Edmonton, Canada: Athabasca University Press. Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation.Organizational Science, 2 (1): 40-57.